After more than 20 years of so-called "normal" trade relations between the United States and China, the consensus on the desirability of that trade relationship has shifted dramatically—and for good reason. After China received Permanent Normal Trade Relations (PNTR) status in 2001, the United States lost millions of manufacturing jobs and tens of thousands of factories, which in turn left a trail of broken communities and families. As a result, the U.S. share of global manufacturing production dropped from 25 percent in 1997 to 17 percent in 2019, and the United States now faces severe supply chain risks due to its reliance on Chinese goods.
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