I n 1710, Richard Steele wrote in Tatler that recently he had been to visit an old friend just come up to town from the country. But the latter had already gone to bed when Steele called at 8 pm. He returned at 11 oâ??clock the following morning, only to be told that his friend had just sat down to dinner. â??In shortâ?, Steele commented, â??I found that my old-fashioned friend religiously adhered to the example of his forefathers, and observed the same hours that had been kept in his family ever since the Conquestâ?. During the previous generation or so, elites across Europe had moved their clocks forward by several hours. No longer a time reserved for sleep, the night time was now the right time for all manner of recreational and representational purposes. This is what Craig Koslofsky calls â??nocturnalisationâ?, defined as â??the ongoing expansion of the legitimate social and symbolic uses of the nightâ?, a development to which he awards the status of â??a revolution in early modern Europeâ?.
